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In Indo-European studies, the term s-''mobile'' (; the word is a Latin neuter adjective) designates the phenomenon where a PIE root appears to begin with an ' which is sometimes but not always present. It is therefore represented in the reflex of the root in some attested derivatives but not others. ==General description== This "movable" prefix ''s-'' appears at the beginning of some Indo-European roots, but is absent from other occurrences of the same root. For example, the stem ', perhaps 'bison', gives Latin ''taurus'' and Old English ''steor'' (Modern English ''steer''), both meaning 'bull'. Both variants existed side by side in PIE, with Germanic preserving both forms as '' *steuraz'' and '' *þeuraz'' respectively, but Italic, Celtic, Slavic and others all have words for 'bull' which reflect the root without the s. Compare also: Gothic ''stiur'', German ''Stier'', Avestan ''staora'' (cattle); but Old Norse ''þjórr'', Greek ''tauros'', Latin ''taurus'', Old Church Slavonic ''turъ'', Lithuanian ''tauras'', Welsh ''tarw'', Old Irish ''tarb'', Oscan ''turuf'' and Albanian ''taroç''. In other cases it is Germanic which preserves only the form without the ''s'' mobile. The root ', 'to cover', has descendants English ''thatch'' (Old English þeccan), German ''decken'' 'cover', Latin ''tegō'' 'cover', but Greek ''stégō'' and Russian ''stog''. The fact that there is no consistency about which language groups retain the s-mobile in individual cases proves that it is an original Indo-European phenomenon, and not an element added or lost in the later history of particular languages. Sometimes subsequent developments can treat the forms with and without the s-mobile quite differently. For example, by Grimm's law PIE becomes Proto-Germanic ''f'', but the combination is unaffected by this. Thus the root ', perhaps meaning 'scatter' has two apparently quite dissimilar derivatives in English: ''sprinkle'' (from nasalized form *''sprenk-'') and ''freckle'' (from *''prek-''). Another such pair is ''spring'' and ''frog'', from ', 'to jump'. S-mobile is always followed by another consonant. Typical combinations are with voiceless stops: ', ', '; with liquids and nasals: ', ', '; and rarely: '. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Indo-European s-mobile」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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